← Kelly Casteel, MD

The Biomarker Era of Colon Cancer

An interactive, clinician-facing chronicle of the trials that built modern colon cancer therapy — from the 5‑FU / leucovorin backbone through oxaliplatin and irinotecan doublets, anti‑VEGF and anti‑EGFR antibodies, to the biomarker‑directed era of BRAF, HER2, and KRAS G12C targeting and MSI‑H / dMMR immunotherapy. (Systemic drugs are shared with rectal cancer, so the trial and label data below are stated as metastatic colorectal cancer, mCRC.) Click any drug to trace its Phase 1→3→approval lineage; click a trial for arms, endpoints, results, and FDA/EMA milestones.

Data verified against ClinicalTrials.gov & primary literature · last reviewed Jul 2026

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Drug class

Trial phase

Ph 1 Ph 2 Ph 3

Status

Approved Investigational Withdrawn / failed

Activity

Ongoing only

NCCN

In NCCN v2.2026 Category 1 only

Reference

Solid outline = approved Dashed outline = investigational Dashed rose = withdrawn / failed Pulsing dot = ongoing trial ✓badge = FDA / EMA approved NCCN category badge (1 / 2A / biomarker) Ambient curve = rising survival as approvals accrue

Scroll horizontally → · click a drug node to open its trial lineage

NCCN preferred regimens by setting & biomarker

Derived from NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology — Colon Cancer, Version 2.2026

Preference tiers (Preferred / Other Recommended / Useful in certain circumstances) and Categories of Evidence (1, 2A) are summarised for reference and attributed to NCCN. This is not a reproduction of the guideline; consult the authoritative, current version at nccn.org. Click a drug chip to jump to that agent’s trial lineage. Biomarker-restricted options (RAS, BRAF V600E, MMR/MSI, HER2, KRAS G12C) are noted inline.